Methods used by Mzilikazi to establish the Ndebele State

Mzilikazi and the Ndebele used the following methods to co-opt other tribes and form the Ndebele state North of the Limpopo river:

• They demanded tribute from the local tribes.
• They entered into trade relations with the local tribes.
• They Attacked, defeated and absorbed the Rozvi.
• They raided their cattle and crops.
• They forbade the Europeans from selling guns and ammunition to the Shona.
• They captured and killed Shona leaders.
• The people were forced to speak the Ndebele language.
• Young Shona men were conscripted into the Ndebele armies.
• Ndebele governors were sent to control the people living in tributary areas.

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